内蒙古空压机优质厂

1.通过性状特征鉴别真伪

1. identify the true and false by character

性状鉴别是一种比较直观的经验鉴别，主要是采用眼看、手摸、鼻闻、口尝、水试、火试等比较简便的方法鉴别中药饮片的真伪。

Character identification is a kind of intuitional experience discrimination. It mainly uses the simple methods of seeing, touching, smelling, tasting, water test and fire test to distinguish the authenticity of Chinese herbal pieces.

1.1通过典型性状鉴别防风的“蚯蚓头”、天麻的“鹦哥嘴”或“红小辫”、人参的“芦长碗密枣核丁，紧皮细纹珍珠须”、海马的“马头蛇尾瓦楞身”。

1.1 through the typical character identification wind "earthworm head", "Tianma parrot mouth" or "red ginseng" pigtail ", Lu long bowl close by Ding, tight skin fine lines, pearl shall" hippocampus "horse tail corrugated body".

1.2通过断面特征鉴别黄芪的“菊花心”、粉防己的“车轮纹”、杜仲折断时胶丝相连、茅苍术断面的“起霜”，商陆的“罗盘纹”、何首乌的“云锦状花纹”、羌活的“朱砂点”。

The 1.2 section features identification of astragalus root "chrysanthemum heart", tetrandrine "wheel pattern", Eucommia broken wire is connected, glue "bloom" section of Atractylodes lancea, pokeweed "compass pattern", "Brocade pattern" of Polygonum multiflorum, notopterygium "cinnabar points".

1.3通过水实验鉴别西红花泡水后水溶液染成黄色，而其伪品使水溶液染成红色；熊胆粉末投入清水杯中，即在水面旋转并呈现黄线下沉而不扩散。

1.3 through the experimental identification of water soaked in water after the water solution dyed saffron yellow, and its adulterants of the aqueous solution dyed red; xiongdan powder into a cup of water, the water is in rotation and showed yellow line sinking and non-proliferation.

1.4通过火试实验鉴别麝香灼烧时香气浓烈无臭味，灰为白色，伪品完全不同。血竭颗粒用火烘烤则熔化，但无扩散的油迹，用火燃烧则发生呛鼻烟气，其伪品则不然。

1.4 through the fire test to identify musk burning when the aroma is strong, no smell, ash is white, pseudo products are completely different. The dragon's blood particles but no fire baking is melting, diffusion of grease, with a fire burning occurs acrid smoke, it is not fake.

当然，性状鉴别只是经验的、直观的、感性的认识，是对饮片初步的定性分析，进一步确定真伪需要多种方法综合分析。

Of course, character discrimination is only an empirical, intuitive and perceptual understanding. It is a preliminary qualitative analysis of the decoction pieces, and further analysis of the authenticity requires a variety of methods of comprehensive analysis.

2.通过显微特征鉴别真伪

2. identify the authenticity by microscopic features

显微鉴别是利用光学显微镜或电子显微镜来观察饮片的组织构造、细胞形状及内含物的特征，用以鉴定真伪。笔者仅就草酸钙晶体、淀粉粒、菊糖的特征鉴定中药饮片真伪。

Microscopic identification is to observe the histological structure, cell shape and inclusion characteristics of the decoction pieces by optical microscope or electron microscope, so as to identify the authenticity. In this paper, the characteristics of calcium oxalate crystals, starch granules and inulin were identified.

2.1草酸钙晶体它是植物细胞生命活动过程中形成的一种细胞后含物，常以簇晶、方晶、针晶、砂晶、柱晶等不同外形存在于植物类中药材中，几种典型的草酸钙晶体如下：（1）含草酸钙簇晶的药材：大黄、虎杖、何首乌、白芍、人参等；（2）含草酸钙方晶的药材：山豆根、甘草、生地、石菖蒲、牡丹皮等；（3）含草酸钙针晶的药材：龙胆、白术、苍术、半夏、知母、山药、天麻等；（4）含草酸钙砂晶的药材：怀牛膝、钩藤、麻黄等；（5）含草酸钙柱晶的药材：射干、白木香、沉香等。

2.1 of calcium oxalate crystals it is a compound containing cells formed in the process of plant cell life activities, often in the cluster crystal, Fang Jing, needle crystal, crystal sand column crystal exists in different shapes such as medicinal plant category, several typical calcium oxalate crystals are as follows: (1) containing clusters of calcium oxalate crystal ingredients: rhubarb, Polygonum cuspidatum, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Paeoniae Alba, ginseng and so on; (2) containing calcium oxalate crystal materials: tonkinensis, licorice, rehmannia, calamus, Moutan etc.; (3) containing calcium oxalate crystal materials: gentian, Atractylodes, Rhizoma Atractylodis, pinellia tuber, Anemarrhena, yam, gastrodin; (4) containing calcium oxalate crystal sand herbs: Achyranthes root, uncaria, ephedra, etc.; (5) containing calcium oxalate crystal column medicine: Aquilaria sinensis, Rhizoma Belamcandae, aloes etc..

2.2淀粉粒它作为植物单糖代谢的贮藏形式和植物细胞内的营养物质普遍存在于植物的薄壁细胞中，一般以球形、卵圆形、长圆形、多角形的单粒、复粒或单复粒存在。例如：黄连、黄芪、三七、川贝母、百合、姜等。

2.2 starch granule, as a storage form of plant monosaccharide metabolism and nutrients in plant cells, is ubiquitous in the parenchyma cells of plants, and is usually spherical, oval, oblong, polygonal in single, complex or single complex granules. Such as: Coptis, astragalus, 37, Fritillaria, lily, ginger and so on.

2.3菊糖菊糖作为果糖代谢的贮藏形式在植物中积累时，伴随着药物有效成分的生化合成，主要存在于菊科、桔梗科等植物的细胞中，显微镜下观察为球状、半球状晶体。例如：桔梗、山茱萸、苍术、党参、木香、白术等。

2.3 inulin as a storage form of fructose metabolism in plants, accompanied by the biochemical synthesis of effective components of drugs, mainly in Yu Juke, Platycodon and other plants in the cells, observed under microscope spherical, hemispherical crystal. Such as: Platycodon grandiflorum, Cornus officinalis, Atractylodes japonica, Codonopsis pilosula, woody root, Atractylodes macrocephala and so on.